Part IV Review
Part V: IP Version 6
Chapter 16: Troubleshooting IPv6 Routing
Chapter 17: Implementing OSPF for IPv6
Chapter 18: Implementing EIGRP for IPv6
Part V Review
Part VI: Network Management
Chapter 19: Managing Network Devices
Chapter 20: Managing IOS Files
Chapter 21: Managing IOS Licensing
Part VI Review
Part VII: Final Review
Chapter 22: Final Review
Part VIII: Appendixes
Appendix A: Numeric Reference Tables
Appendix B: ICND2 Exam Updates
Glossary
Index
DVD Appendixes
Appendix C Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes
Appendix D Memory Tables
Appendix E Memory Tables Answer Key
Appendix F Mind Map Solutions
Appendix G Study Planner
Contents
Introduction
Getting Started
Part I: LAN Switching
Chapter 1 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
LAN Switching Review
LAN Switch Forwarding Logic
Switch Verification
Viewing the MAC Address Table
Determining the VLAN of a Frame
Verifying Trunks
Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D)
The Need for Spanning Tree
What IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Does
How Spanning Tree Works
The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU
Electing the Root Switch
Choosing Each Switch’s Root Port
Choosing the Designated Port on Each
LAN Segment
Influencing and Changing the STP Topology
Making Configuration Changes to
Influence the STP Topology
Reacting to State Changes That Affect
the STP Topology
How Switches React to Changes with STP
Changing Interface States with STP
Optional STP Features
EtherChannel
PortFast
BPDU Guard
Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w)
Exam Preparation Tasks
Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol
Implementation
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
STP Configuration and Verification
Setting the STP Mode
Connecting STP Concepts to STP Configuration Options
Per-VLAN Configuration Settings
The Bridge ID and System ID Extension
Per-VLAN Port Costs
STP Configuration Option Summary
Verifying STP Operation
Configuring STP Port Costs
Configuring Priority to Influence the Root Election
Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard
Configuring EtherChannel
Configuring a Manual EtherChannel
Configuring Dynamic EtherChannels
STP Troubleshooting
Determining the Root Switch
Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches
STP Tiebreakers When Choosing the Root
Port
Suggestions for Attacking Root Port
Problems on the Exam
Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
Suggestions for Attacking Designated
Port Problems on the Exam
STP Convergence
Troubleshooting EtherChannel
Incorrect Options on the channel-group
Command
Configuration Checks Before Adding
Interfaces to EtherChannels
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies
Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation
Data Plane Analysis
Control Plane Analysis
Predicting Normal Operations: Summary
of the Process
Problem Isolation
Root Cause Analysis
Real World Versus the Exams
Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane
An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process
Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP
Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for
Nonworking States
The notconnect State and Cabling
Pinouts
Determining Switch Interface Speed and
Duplex
Issues Related to Speed and Duplex
Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems
Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems
Ensuring That the Right Access
Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs
Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Not
Being Active
Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on
Those Trunks
Troubleshooting Examples and Exercises
Troubleshooting Example 1: Find Existing LAN Data Plane Problems
Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the
Diagram Using CDP
Step 2: Check for Interface Problems
Step 3: Check for Port Security
Problems
Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk
Problems
Troubleshooting Example 2: Predicting LAN Data Plane Behavior
PC1 ARP Request (Broadcast)
R1 ARP Reply (Unicast)
Exam Preparation Tasks
Answers to Troubleshooting Example 1
Part I Review
Part II: IP Version 4 Routing
Chapter 4 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing
Part I
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Predicting Normal IPv4 Routing Behavior
Host IPv4 Routing Logic
Routing Logic Used by IPv4 Routers
IP Routing Logic on a Single Router
IP Routing from Host to Host
Building New Data Link Headers Using
ARP Information
Problem Isolation Using the ping Command
Ping Command Basics
Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command
Testing Longer Routes from Near the
Source of the Problem
Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse
Route
Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard
Ping
Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended
Ping
Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard
Ping
Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses
Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command
traceroute Basics
How the traceroute Command Works
Standard and Extended traceroute
Using traceroute to Isolate the Problem to Two Routers
Exam Preparation Tasks
Chapter 5 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing
Part II
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Problems Between the Host and the Default Router
Root Causes Based on a Host’s IPv4 Settings
Ensure IPv4 Settings Correctly Match
Mismatched Masks Impact Route to Reach
Subnet
Typical Root Causes of DNS Problems
Wrong Default Router IP Address Setting
Root Causes Based on the Default Router’s Configuration
Mismatched VLAN Trunking Configuration
with Router on a Stick
DHCP Relay Issues
Router LAN Interface and LAN Issues
Problems with Routing Packets Between Routers
IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route
Using show ip route and Subnet Math to Find the Best Route
Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route
show ip route Reference
Routing Problems Caused by Incorrect Addressing Plans
Recognizing When VLSM Is Used or Not
Overlaps When Not Using VLSM
Overlaps When Using VLSM
Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets
Router WAN Interface Status
Filtering Packets with Access Lists
Exam Preparation Tasks
Chapter 6 Creating Redundant First-Hop
Routers
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
FHRP Concepts
The Need for Redundancy in Networks
The Need for a First Hop Redundancy Protocol
The Three Solutions for First-Hop
Redundancy
HSRP Concepts
HSRP Failover
HSRP Load Balancing
GLBP Concepts
FHRP Configuration and Verification
Configuring and Verifying HSRP
Configuring and Verifying GLBP
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 7 Virtual Private Networks
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
VPN Fundamentals
IPsec VPNs
SSL VPNs
GRE Tunnels
GRE Tunnel Concepts
Routing over GRE Tunnels
GRE Tunnels over the Unsecured Network
Configuring GRE Tunnels
Verifying a GRE Tunnel
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part II Review
Part III: IP Version 4 Routing Protocols
Chapter 8 Implementing OSPF for IPv4
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
OSPF Protocols and Operation
OSPF Overview
Becoming Neighbors and Exchanging the LSDB
Agreeing to Become Neighbors
Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors
Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB
Using Designated Routers on Ethernet
Links
Scaling OSPF Using Areas
OSPF Areas
How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time
OSPF Area Design Advantages
Link-State Advertisements
Router LSAs Build Most of the
Intra-Area Topology
Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area
Topology
LSAs in a Multi-Area Design
Calculating the Best Routes with SPF
Administrative Distance
OSPF Configuration and Verification
OSPFv2 Configuration Overview
Multi-Area OSPFv2 Configuration Example
Single-Area Configurations
Multi-Area Configuration
Verifying the Multi-Area Configuration
Verifying the Correct Areas on Each
Interface on an ABR
Verifying Which Router Is DR and BDR
Verifying the Number and Type of LSAs
Verifying OSPF Routes
OSPF Metrics (Cost)
Setting the Cost Based on Interface
Bandwidth
The Need for a Higher Reference
Bandwidth
OSPF Load Balancing
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 9 Understanding EIGRP Concepts
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
EIGRP and Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Introduction to EIGRP
Basic Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features
The Concept of a Distance and a Vector
Full Update Messages and Split Horizon
Route Poisoning
EIGRP as an Advanced DV Protocol
EIGRP Sends Partial Update Messages, As
Needed
EIGRP Maintains Neighbor Status Using
Hello
Summary of Interior Routing Protocol
Features
EIGRP Concepts and Operation
EIGRP Neighbors
Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information
Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table
The EIGRP Metric Calculation
An Example of Calculated EIGRP Metrics
Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links
EIGRP Convergence
Feasible Distance and Reported Distance
EIGRP Successors and Feasible
Successors
The Query and Reply Process
Exam Preparation Tasks
Chapter 10 Implementing EIGRP for IPv4
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Core EIGRP Configuration and Verification
EIGRP Configuration
Configuring EIGRP Using a Wildcard Mask
Verifying EIGRP Core Features
Finding the Interfaces on Which EIGRP
is Enabled
Displaying EIGRP Neighbor Status
Displaying the IPv4 Routing Table
EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors
Viewing the EIGRP Topology Table
Finding Successor Routes
Finding Feasible Successor Routes
Convergence Using the Feasible
Successor Route
Examining the Metric Components
Other EIGRP Configuration Settings
Load Balancing Across Multiple EIGRP Routes
Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation
Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks
Automatic Summarization at the Boundary
of a Classful Network
Discontiguous Classful Networks
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 11 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing
Protocols
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems
Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol
EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting
Examining Working EIGRP Interfaces
Examining the Problems with EIGRP
Interfaces
OSPF Interface Troubleshooting
Neighbor Relationships
EIGRP Neighbor Verification Checks
EIGRP Neighbor Troubleshooting Example
OSPF Neighbor Troubleshooting
Finding Area Mismatches
Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs
Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer
Mismatches
Other OSPF Issues
Mismatched OSPF Network Types
Mismatched MTU Settings
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part III Review
Part IV: Wide-Area Networks
Chapter 12 Implementing Point-to-Point
WANs
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Leased Line WANs with HDLC
Layer 1 Leased Lines
The Physical Components of a Leased
Line
Leased Lines and the T-Carrier System
The Role of the CSU/DSU
Building a WAN Link in a Lab
Layer 2 Leased Lines with HDLC
Configuring HDLC
Leased-Line WANs with PPP
PPP Concepts
PPP Framing
PPP Control Protocols
PPP Authentication
Configuring PPP
CHAP Configuration and Verification
Troubleshooting Serial Links
Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems
Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems
Keepalive Failure
PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure
Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 13 Understanding Frame Relay
Concepts
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Frame Relay Overview
Virtual Circuits
LMI and Encapsulation Types
Frame Relay Encapsulation and Framing
Frame Relay Addressing
Frame Relay Local Addressing
Frame Forwarding with One DLCI Field
Network Layer Addressing with Frame Relay
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame
Relay DTEs
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach
Exam Preparation Tasks
Chapter 14 Implementing Frame Relay
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Frame Relay Configuration and Verification
Planning a Frame Relay Configuration
Configuring Using Physical Interfaces and One IP Subnet
Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI
Frame Relay Address Mapping
Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces
Configuring with Multipoint Subinterfaces
OSPF Issues on Frame Relay Multipoint and Physical Interfaces
Frame Relay Troubleshooting
A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process
Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1)
Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2)
PVC Problems and Status (Step 3)
Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4)
End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5)
Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6)
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 15 Identifying Other Types of
WANs
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Private WANs to Connect Enterprises
Leased Lines
Frame Relay
Ethernet WANs
MPLS
VSAT
Public WANs and Internet Access
Internet Access (WAN) Links
Dial Access with Modems and ISDN
Digital Subscriber Line
Cable Internet
Mobile Phone Access with 3G/4G
PPP over Ethernet
Exam Preparation Tasks
Part IV Review
Part V: IP Version 6
Chapter 16 Troubleshooting IPv6 Routing
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Normal IPv6 Operation
Unicast IPv6 Addresses and IPv6 Subnetting
Assigning Addresses to Hosts
Stateful DHCPv6
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Router Address and Static Route
Configuration
Configuring IPv6 Routing and Addresses
on Routers
IPv6 Static Routes on Routers
Verifying IPv6 Connectivity
Verifying Connectivity from IPv6 Hosts
Verifying IPv6 from Routers
Troubleshooting IPv6
Pings from the Host Work Only in Some Cases
Pings Fail from a Host to Its Default Router
Problems Using Any Function That Requires DNS
Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: Stateful DHCP Issues
Host Is Missing IPv6 Settings: SLAAC Issues
Traceroute Shows Some Hops, But Fails
Routing Looks Good, But Traceroute Still Fails
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 17 Implementing OSPF for IPv6
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
OSPFv3 Configuration
OSPFv3 ICND1 Configuration Review
Example Multi-Area OSPFv3 Configuration
Single Area Configuration on the Three
Internal Routers
Adding Multi-Area Configuration on the
Area Border Router
Other OSPFv3 Configuration Settings
Setting OSPFv3 Interface Cost to
Influence Route Selection
OSPF Load Balancing
Injecting Default Routes
OSPF Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting
OSPFv3 Interfaces
Verifying OSPFv3 Interfaces
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Interfaces
OSPFv3 Neighbors
Verifying OSPFv3 Neighbors
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 Neighbors
OSPFv3 LSDB and LSAs
Verifying OSPFv3 LSAs
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 LSAs
OSPFv3 Metrics and IPv6 Routes
Verifying OSPFv3 Interface Cost and
Metrics
Troubleshooting IPv6 Routes Added by
OSPFv3
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 18 Implementing EIGRP for IPv6
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
EIGRPv6 Configuration
EIGRPv6 Configuration Basics
EIGRPv6 Configuration Example
Other EIGRPv6 Configuration Settings
Setting Bandwidth and Delay to
Influence EIGRPv6 Route Selection
EIGRP Load Balancing
EIGRP Timers
EIGRPv6 Concepts, Verification, and Troubleshooting
EIGRPv6 Interfaces
EIGRPv6 Neighbors
EIGRPv6 Topology Database
EIGRPv6 IPv6 Routes
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part V Review
Part VI: Network Management
Chapter 19 Managing Network Devices
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Simple Network Management Protocol
Describing SNMP
The Management Information Base
Configuring SNMP Version 2c
SNMP Version 3
System Message Logging (Syslog)
An Overview of System Message Logging
System Message Format
System Message Severity Levels
Configuring and Verifying Syslog
Using a Syslog Server
NetFlow
An Overview of NetFlow
Network Flows
Configuring NetFlow
Verifying and Using NetFlow
The NetFlow Collector
Exam Preparation Tasks
Chapter 20 Managing IOS Files
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
Managing Cisco IOS Files
Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory
The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence
The Three Router Operating Systems
The Configuration Register
How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load
Recovering If the IOS Does Not Load
Verifying the IOS Image Using the show version Command
Password Recovery
The General Ideas Behind Cisco Password Recovery/Reset
A Specific Password Reset Example
Managing Configuration Files
Configuration File Basics
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command References
Chapter 21 Managing IOS Licensing
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Foundation Topics
IOS Packaging
IOS Images per Model, Series, and per Software Version/Release
Original Packaging: One IOS Image per Feature Set Combination
New IOS Packaging: One Universal Image with All Feature Sets
IOS Software Activation with Universal Images
Managing Software Activation with Cisco License Manager
Manually Activating Software Using Licenses
Example of Manually Activating a License
Showing the Current License Status
Adding a Permanent Technology Package
License
Right-to-Use Licenses
Exam Preparation Tasks
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part VI Review
Part VII: Final Review
Chapter 22 Final Review
Advice About the Exam Event
Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam
Tutorial
Think About Your Time Budget Versus Numbers of Questions
A Suggested Time-Check Method
Miscellaneous Pre-Exam Suggestions
Exam-Day Advice
Exam Review
Practice Subnetting and Other Math-Related Skills
Take Practice Exams
Practicing Taking the ICND2 Exam
Practicing Taking the CCNA Exam
Advice on How to Answer Exam Questions
Taking Other Practice Exams
Find Knowledge Gaps Through Question Review
Practice Hands-On CLI Skills
Review Mind Maps from Part Review
Do Labs
Other Study Tasks
Final Thoughts
Part VIII: Appendixes
Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables
Appendix B ICND2 Exam Updates
Glossary
Index
DVD-only Appendixes
Appendix C Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes
Appendix D Memory Tables
Appendix E Memory Tables Answer Key
Appendix F Mind Map Solutions
Appendix G Study Planner
Icons Used in This Book
Command Syntax Conventions
The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are
the same conventions used in the
IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these
conventions as follows:
• Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered
literally as shown. In actual
configuration examples and output (not general command syntax),
boldface indicates commands
that are manually input by the user (such as a show command).
• Italic indicates arguments for which you supply actual
values.
• Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive
elements.
• Square brackets ([ ]) indicate an optional element.
• Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice.
• Braces within brackets ([{ }]) indicate a required choice within
an optional element.
Introduction
About the Exams
Congratulations! If you’re reading far enough to look at this book’s
Introduction, you’ve probably
already decided to go for your Cisco certification. If you want to
succeed as a technical person in the
networking industry at all, you need to know Cisco. Cisco has a
ridiculously high market share in the
router and switch marketplace, with more than 80 percent market
share in some markets. In many
geographies and markets around the world, networking equals Cisco.
If you want to be taken
seriously as a network engineer, Cisco certification makes perfect
sense.
The Exams That Help You Achieve CCENT and
CCNA
Cisco announced changes to the CCENT and CCNA Routing and
Switching certifications, and the
related 100-101 ICND1, 200-101 ICND2, and 200-120 CCNA exams,
early in the year 2013. For
those of you who understand how the old Cisco ICND1, ICND2, and
CCNA exams worked, the
structure remains the same. For those of you new to Cisco
certifications, this introduction begins by
introducing the basics.
Most everyone new to Cisco certifications begins with either CCENT
or CCNA Routing and
Switching. CCENT certification requires knowledge and skills on
about half as much material as
does CCNA Routing and Switching, so CCENT is the easier first
step.
The CCENT certification requires a single step: pass the ICND1
exam. Simple enough.
The CCNA Routing and Switching certification gives you two
options, as shown in Figure I-1: pass
both the ICND1 and ICND2 exams, or just pass the CCNA exam. (Note
that there is no separate
certification for passing the ICND2 exam.)
Figure I-1. Cisco Entry-Level
Certifications and Exams
As you can see, although you can obtain the CCENT certification by
taking the ICND1 exam, you do
not have to be CCENT certified before you get your CCNA Routing
and Switching certification. You
can choose to take the CCNA exam and bypass the CCENT
certification.
As for the topics themselves, the ICND1 and ICND2 exams cover
different topics (but with some
overlap required). For example, ICND1 covers the basics of the
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
routing protocol. ICND2 covers more detail about OSPF, but to
discuss those additional details,
ICND2 must rely on the parts of OSPF included in ICND1. Many
topics in ICND2 build on topics in
ICND1, causing some overlap.
The CCNA exam covers all the topics in both ICND1 and ICND2, no
more, no less.
Types of Questions on the Exams
The ICND1, ICND2, and CCNA exams all follow the same general
format. At the testing center, you
sit in a quiet room with a PC. Before the exam timer begins, you
have a chance to do a few other tasks
on the PC; for instance, you can take a sample quiz just to get
accustomed to the PC and the testing
engine. Anyone who has user-level skills in getting around a PC
should have no problems with the
testing environment.
Once the exam starts, the screen shows you question after
question. The questions usually fall into one
of the following categories:
• Multiple choice, single answer
• Multiple choice, multiple answer
• Testlet
• Drag-and-drop
• Simulated lab (sim)
• Simlet
The first three items in the list are all multiple choice
questions. The multiple choice format simply
requires that you point and click a circle beside the correct
answer(s). Cisco traditionally tells you
how many answers you need to choose, and the testing software
prevents you from choosing too many
answers. The testlet style gives you one larger scenario
statement, with multiple different multiple
choice questions about that one scenario.
Drag-and-drop questions require you to move some items around on
the GUI. You left-click and hold,
move a button or icon to another area, and release the clicker to
place the object somewhere else—
usually into a list. So, for some questions, to answer the
question correctly, you might need to put a
list of five things in the proper order.
The last two types both use a network simulator to ask questions.
Interestingly, the two types actually
allow Cisco to assess two very different skills. First, sim
questions generally describe a problem,
and your task is to configure one or more routers and switches to
fix the problem. The exam then
grades the question based on the configuration you changed or
added.
The simlet questions may well be the most difficult style of
question on the exams. Simlet questions
also use a network simulator, but instead of you answering the
question by changing the configuration,
the question includes one or more multiple choice questions. The
questions require that you use the
simulator to examine the current behavior of a network,
interpreting the output of any show commands
that you can remember to answer the question. Whereas sim
questions require you to troubleshoot
problems related to a configuration, simlets require you to both
analyze both working and broken
networks, correlating show command output with your
knowledge of networking theory and
configuration commands.
You can watch and even experiment with these command types using
the Cisco Exam Tutorial. To
find the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial, go to http://www.cisco.com and search for “exam
tutorial.”
What’s on the CCNA Exams?
Ever since I was in grade school, whenever the teacher announced
that we were having a test soon,
someone would always ask, “What’s on the test?” Even in college,
people would try to get more
information about what would be on the exams. At heart, the goal
is to know what to study hard, what
to study a little, and what to not study at all.
Cisco tells the world the topics on each of their exams. Cisco
wants the public to know both the
variety of topics, and an idea about the kinds of knowledge and
skills required for each topic, for
every Cisco certification exam. To that end, Cisco publishes a set
of exam topics for each exam.
Many Cisco exam topics list both a networking topic plus an
important verb. The verb tells us to what
degree the topic must be understood and what skills are required.
The topic also implies the kinds of
skills required for that topic. For example, one topic might start
with “Describe...,” another with
“Configure...,” another with “Verify...,” and another might begin
with “Troubleshoot....” That last
topic has the highest required skill level, because to
troubleshoot you must understand the topic, be
able to configure it (to see what’s wrong with the configuration),
and verify it (to find the root cause
of the problem). By listing the topics and skill level, Cisco
helps us all prepare for its exams.
Although the exam topics are helpful, keep in mind that Cisco adds
a disclaimer that the posted exam
topics for all of its certification exams are guidelines. Cisco makes the effort to keep the exam
questions within the confines of the stated exam topics, and I
know from talking to those involved that
every question is analyzed for whether it fits within the stated
exam topics.
ICND1 Exam Topics
Tables I-1 through I-7 lists the exam topics for the ICND1 exam. Following those tables, Tables I-8
through I-12 list the exam topics for ICND2. These tables
note the book chapters in which each exam
topic is covered.
Note that the tables follow Cisco’s organization of topics, by
both grouping similar topics and listing
sub-topics. The subtopics simply give more specific terms and
concepts to provide more detail about
some exam topics. The tables show the main topics in bold and the
subtopics as indented text inside
the tables.
Table I-1. ICND1 Exam Topics: Operation of
IP Data Networks
Table I-2. ICND1 Exam Topics: LAN Switching
Technologies
Table I-3. ICND1 Exam Topics: IP Addressing
(IPv4/IPv6)
Table I-4. ICND1 Exam Topics: IP Routing
Technologies
Table I-5. ICND1 Exam Topics: IP Services
Table I-6. ICND1 Exam Topics: Network
Device Security
Table I-7. ICND1 Exam Topics:
Troubleshooting
ICND2 Exam Topics
Tables I-8 through I-12 list the exam topics for ICND2. These
tables note the book chapters in which
each exam topic is covered. Note that each table covers a main
exam topic. Cisco released further
information about each topic to several sublevels of hierarchy. In
this table, those sublevels are
indented to indicate the topic above them they are related to.
Table I-8. ICND2 Exam Topics: LAN Switching
Technologies
Table I-9. ICND2 Exam Topics, IP Routing
Technologies
Table I-10. ICND2 Exam Topics, IP Services
Table I-11. ICND2 Exam Topics,
Troubleshooting
Table I-12. ICND2 Exam Topics: WAN
Technologies
CCNA Exam Topics
The 200-120 CCNA exam actually covers everything from both the
ICND1 and ICND2 exams, at
least based on the published exam topics. As of publication, the
CCNA exam topics include all topics
in Tables I-1 through I-12. In short, CCNA = ICND1 +
ICND2.
Note
Because it is possible that the exam topics may change over time,
it might be worth the
time to double-check the exam topics as listed on the Cisco
website
(http://www.cisco.com/go/ccent
and http://www.cisco.com/go/ccna). If Cisco does
happen to add exam topics at a later date, note that Appendix B, “ICND2 Exam
Updates,” describes how to go to http://www.ciscopress.com and download
additional information about those newly added topics.
About the Book
This book discusses the content and skills needed to pass the
200-101 ICND2 exam. That content also
serves as basically the second half of the CCNA content, with this
book’s companion title, the Cisco
CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert
Guide, discussing the first half
of the content.
Each of these books uses the same kinds of book features, so if
you are reading both this book and the
ICND1 book, you do not need to read the Introduction to the other
book. Also, for those of you using
both books to prepare for the 200-120 CCNA exam (rather than
taking the two-exam option), the end
of this Introduction lists a suggested reading plan.
Book Features
The most important and somewhat obvious objective of this book is
to help you pass the ICND2 exam
or the CCNA exam. In fact, if the primary objective of this book
were different, the book’s title would
be misleading! However, the methods used in this book to help you
pass the exams are also designed
to make you much more knowledgeable about how to do your job.
This book uses several tools to help you discover your weak topic
areas, to help you improve your
knowledge and skills with those topics, and to prove that you have
retained your knowledge of those
topics. So, this book does not try to help you pass the exams only
by memorization, but by truly
learning and understanding the topics. The CCNA certification is
the foundation for many of the Cisco
professional certifications, and it would be a disservice to you
if this book did not help you truly
learn the material. Therefore, this book helps you pass the CCNA
exam by using the following
methods:
• Helping you discover which exam topics you have not mastered
• Providing explanations and information to fill in your knowledge
gaps
• Supplying exercises that enhance your ability to recall and
deduce the answers to test questions
• Providing practice exercises on the topics and the testing
process via test questions on the DVD
Chapter Features
To help you customize your study time using these books, the core
chapters have several features that
help you make the best use of your time:
• “Do I Know This
Already?” quizzes: Each chapter begins with a
quiz that helps you
determine the amount of time you need to spend studying that
chapter.
• Foundation Topics: These are the core sections of each chapter.
They explain the protocols,
concepts, and configuration for the topics in that chapter.
• Exam Preparation
Tasks: At the end of the
“Foundation Topics” section of each chapter, the
“Exam Preparation Tasks” section lists a series of study
activities that should be done at the end
of the chapter. Each chapter includes the activities that make the
most sense for studying the
topics in that chapter. The activities include the following:
• Review Key Topics: The Key Topic icon appears next to the most
important items in the
“Foundation Topics” section of the chapter. The Key Topics Review
activity lists the key
topics from the chapter and their corresponding page numbers.
Although the contents of the
entire chapter could be on the exam, you should definitely know
the information listed in each
key topic.
• Complete Tables and
Lists from Memory: To help you exercise your
memory and
memorize some lists of facts, many of the more important lists and
tables from the chapter are
included in a document on the DVD. This document lists only
partial information, allowing
you to complete the table or list.
• Define Key Terms: Although the exams may be unlikely to ask a
question like “Define this
term,” the CCNA exams require that you learn and know a lot of
networking terminology. This
section lists the most important terms from the chapter, asking
you to write a short definition
and compare your answer to the Glossary at the end of this book.
• Command Reference
Tables: Some book chapters cover a
large amount of configuration
and EXEC commands. These tables list the commands introduced in
the chapter, along with an
explanation. For exam preparation, use it for reference, but also
read the table once when
performing the Exam Preparation Tasks to make sure that you
remember what all the
commands do.
Part Review
The Part Review tasks help you prepare to apply all the concepts
in each respective part of the book.
(Each book part contains a number of related chapters.) The Part
Review includes sample test
questions, which require you to apply the concepts from multiple
chapters in that part, uncovering
what you truly understood and what you did not quite yet
understand. The Part Review also uses mind
map exercises that help you mentally connect concepts,
configuration, and verification, so that no
matter what perspective a single exam question takes, you can
analyze and answer the question.
The Part Reviews list tasks, along with checklists, so you can
track your progress. The following list
explains the most common tasks you will see in the Part Review;
note that not all Part Reviews use
every type of task.
• Review DIKTA
Questions: Although you have already
seen the DIKTA questions from the
chapters in a part, re-answering those questions can prove a
useful way to review facts. The
Part Review suggests that you repeat the DIKTA questions, but
using the Pearson IT
Certification Practice Test (PCPT) exam software that comes with
the book, for extra practice
in answering multiple choice questions on a computer.
• Answer Part Review
Questions: The PCPT exam software
includes several exam databases.
One exam database holds Part Review questions, written
specifically for Part Review. These
questions purposefully include multiple concepts in each question,
sometimes from multiple
chapters, to help build the skills needed for the more challenging
analysis questions on the
exams.
• Review Key Topics: Yes, again! They are indeed the most important
topics in each chapter.
• Create Configuration
Mind Maps: Mind maps are graphical
organizing tools that many
people find useful when learning and processing how concepts fit
together. The process of
creating mind maps helps you build mental connections between
concepts and configuration
commands, as well as develop your recall of the individual
commands. For this task, you may
create the mind map on paper or using any mind mapping or graphic
organizer software. (For
more information about mind maps, see the section “About Mind Maps
and Graphic
Visualization” in the Introduction of this book.)
• Create Verification
Mind Maps: These mind mapping
exercises focus on helping you connect
router and switch show commands to either
networking concepts or to configuration commands.
Simply create the mind maps on paper or using any mind mapping or
graphic organizer
software.
• Repeat Chapter Review
Tasks (Optional): Browse through
the Chapter Review tasks and
repeat any that you think might help your review at this point.
Final Prep Tasks
Chapter 22, at the end of this book,
lists a series of preparation tasks that you can best use for your
final preparation before taking the exam.
Other Features
In addition to the features in each of the core chapters, this
book, as a whole, has additional study
resources, including the following:
• DVD-based practice
exam: The companion DVD contains
the powerful Pearson IT
Certification Practice Test exam engine. You can take simulated
ICND2 exams, as well as
simulated CCNA exams, with the DVD and activation code included in
this book. (You can take
simulated ICND1 and CCNA exams with the DVD in the Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official
Cert Guide.)
• CCNA ICND2 Simulator
Lite: This lite version of the
best-selling CCNA Network Simulator
from Pearson provides you with a means, right now, to experience
the Cisco command-line
interface (CLI). No need to go buy real gear or buy a full
simulator to start learning the CLI. Just
install it from the DVD in the back of this book.
• eBook: If you are interested in obtaining an eBook
version of this title, we have included a
special offer on a coupon card inserted in the DVD sleeve in the
back of the book. This offer
allows you to purchase the Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101 Official Cert
Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice
Test at a 70 percent discount
off the list price. In
addition to three versions of the eBook, PDF (for reading on your
computer), EPUB (for
reading on your tablet, mobile device, or Nook or other eReader),
and Mobi (the native Kindle
version), you also receive additional practice test questions and
enhanced practice test features.
• Mentoring videos: The DVD included with this book includes four
other instructional videos,
about the following topics: OSPF, EIGRP, EIGRP Metrics, plus PPP
and CHAP.
• Companion website: The website http://www.ciscopress.com/title/1587143739 posts uptothe-
minute materials that further clarify complex exam topics. Check
this site regularly for new
and updated postings written by the author that provide further
insight into the more troublesome
topics on the exam.
• PearsonITCertification.com:
The website http://www.pearsonitcertification.com is a great
resource for all things IT-certification related. Check out the
great CCNA articles, videos,
blogs, and other certification preparation tools from the
industry’s best authors and trainers.
• CCNA Simulator: If you are looking for more hands-on practice,
you might want to consider
purchasing the CCNA Network Simulator. You can purchase a copy of
this software from
Pearson at http://pearsonitcertification.com/networksimulator
or other retail outlets. To help
you with your studies, I have created a mapping guide that maps
each of the labs in the simulator
to the specific sections in these CCNA cert guides. You can get
this mapping guide for free on
the Extras tab of the companion website.
• Author’s website and
blogs: The author maintains a
website that hosts tools and links useful
when studying for CCENT and CCNA. The site lists information to
help you build your own
lab, study pages that correspond to each chapter of this book and
the ICND1 book, and links to
the author’s CCENT Skills blog and CCNA Skills blog. Start at http://www.certskills.com;
check the tabs for study and blogs in particular.
Book Organization, Chapters, and Appendices
This book contains 21 core chapters, Chapters 1 through 21, with Chapter 22 including
some
suggestions for how to approach the actual exams. Each core
chapter covers a subset of the topics on
the ICND2 exam. The core chapters are organized into sections. The
core chapters cover the
following topics:
Part I: LAN Switching
• Chapter 1, “Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts,” discusses the concepts behind IEEE
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and how it makes some switch
interfaces block frames to
prevent frames from looping continuously around a redundant
switched LAN.
• Chapter 2, “Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation,” shows how to configure, verify, and
troubleshoot STP implementation on Cisco switches.
• Chapter 3, “Troubleshooting LAN Switching,” reviews LAN switching topics from the
ICND1 book, while moving toward a deeper understanding of those
topics. In particular, this
chapter examines the most common LAN switching issues and how to
discover those issues
when troubleshooting a network.
Part II: IP Version 4 Routing
• Chapter 4, “Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part I,” reviews IPv4 routing, and then focuses
on how to use two key troubleshooting tools to find routing
problems: the ping and traceroute
commands.
• Chapter 5, “Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part II,” looks at the most common IPv4
problems and how to find the root causes of those problems when
troubleshooting.
• Chapter 6, “Creating Redundant First-Hop Routers,” discusses the need for a First Hop
Redundancy Protocol (FHRP), how the protocols make multiple
routers act like a single default
router, and the configuration and verification details of both Hot
Standby Router Protocol
(HSRP) and Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP).
• Chapter 7, “Virtual Private Networks,” discusses the need for VPN
technology when sending
private network data over public networks like the Internet. It
also discusses basic tunneling
configuration using generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnels on
Cisco routers.
Part III: IP Version 4 Routing Protocols
• Chapter 8, “Implementing OSPF for IPv4,” reviews the ICND1 book’s
coverage of OSPF
Version 2 (OSPFv2). It also takes the concepts deeper, with more
discussion of the OSPF
processes and database and with additional configuration options.
• Chapter 9, “Understanding EIGRP Concepts,” introduces the fundamental operation of the
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) for IPv4
(EIGRPv4), focusing on EIGRP
neighbor relationships, how it calculates metrics, and how it
quickly converges to alternate
feasible successor routes.
• Chapter 10, “Implementing EIGRP for IPv4,” takes the concepts
discussed in the previous
chapter and shows how to configure and verify those same features.
• Chapter 11, “Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols,” walks through the most common
problems with IPv4 routing protocols, while alternating between
OSPF examples and EIGRP
examples.
Part IV: Wide-Area Networks
• Chapter 12, “Implementing Point-to-Point WANs,” explains the core concepts of how to
build a leased-line WAN and the basics of the two common data link
protocols on these links:
HDLC and PPP.
• Chapter 13, “Understanding Frame Relay Concepts,” explains how to build a Frame Relay
WAN between routers, focusing on the protocols and concepts rather
than the configuration.
• Chapter 14, “Implementing Frame Relay,” takes the concepts
discussed in Chapter 13 and
shows how to configure, verify, and troubleshoot those same
features.
• Chapter 15, “Identifying Other Types of WANs,” gives a broad description of many other
types of WAN technology, including Ethernet WANs, Multiprotocol
Label Switching (MPLS),
and digital subscriber line (DSL).
Part V: IP Version 6
• Chapter 16, “Troubleshooting IPv6 Routing,” reviews IPv6 routing as discussed in the
ICND1 book. It then shows some of the most common problems with
IPv6 routing and discusses
how to troubleshoot these problems to discover the root cause.
• Chapter 17, “Implementing OSPF for IPv6,” reviews the ICND1 book’s
coverage of OSPF
Version 3 (OSPFv3). It then compares some deeper OSPFv3 concepts
and configuration with
these same concepts for OSPFv2, as discussed earlier in Chapter 8.
• Chapter 18, “Implementing EIGRP for IPv6,” takes the EIGRP concepts
discussed for IPv4
in Chapter 9 and shows how those same concepts apply to EIGRP
for IPv6 (EIGRPv6). It then
shows how to configure and verify EIGRPv6 as well.
Part VI: Network Management
• Chapter 19, “Managing Network Devices,” discusses the concepts and
configuration of three
common network management tools: Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP), syslog,
and NetFlow.
• Chapter 20, “Managing IOS Files,” explains some necessary
details about router internals
and IOS. In particular, it discusses the boot process on a router,
how a router choosing which
IOS image to use, and the different locations where a router can
store its IOS images.
• Chapter 21, “Managing IOS Licensing,” discusses Cisco’s current
methods of granting a
particular router the right to use a particular IOS image and
feature set through the use of IOS
licenses.
Part VII: Final Review
• Chapter 22, “Final Review,” suggests a plan for final
preparation once you have finished the
core parts of the book, in particular explaining the many study
options available in the book.
Part VIII: Appendixes (In Print)
• Appendix A, “Numeric Reference Tables,” lists several tables of
numeric information,
including a binary-to-decimal conversion table and a list of
powers of 2.
• Appendix B, “ICND2 Exam Updates,” covers a variety of short
topics that either clarify or
expand on topics covered earlier in the book. This appendix is
updated from time to time and
posted at http://www.ciscopress.com/title/1587143739, with the most recent version available
at the time of printing included here as Appendix B. (The first page of the appendix includes
instructions on how to check to see if a later version of Appendix B is available online.)
• The Glossary contains definitions for all of the terms listed
in the “Definitions of Key Terms”
section at the conclusion of Chapters 1 through 21.
Appendixes (on the DVD)
The following appendixes are available in digital format on the
DVD that accompanies this book:
• Appendix C, “Answers to the ‘Do I Know This Already?’
Quizzes” includes the
explanations to all the questions from Chapters 1 through 21.
• Appendix D, “Memory Tables,” holds the key tables and
lists from each chapter, with some of
the content removed. You can print this appendix and, as a memory
exercise, complete the
tables and lists. The goal is to help you memorize facts that can
be useful on the exams.
• Appendix E, “Memory Tables Answer Key,” contains the answer key for
the exercises in
Appendix D.
• Appendix F, “Mind Map Solutions,” shows an image of sample
answers for all the partending
mind map exercises.
• Appendix G, “Study Planner,” is a spreadsheet with major
study milestones, where you can
track your progress through your study.
Reference Information
This short section contains a few topics available for reference
elsewhere in the book. You may read
these when you first use the book, but you may also skip these
topics and refer back to them later. In
particular, make sure to note the final page of this introduction,
which lists several contact details,
including how to get in touch with Cisco Press.
Install the Pearson IT Certification
Practice Test Engine and Questions
The DVD in the book includes the Pearson IT Certification Practice
Test (PCPT) engine—software
that displays and grades a set of exam-realistic multiple choice,
drag-and-drop, fill-in-the-blank, and
testlet questions. Using the PCPT engine, you can either study by
going through the questions in study
mode or take a simulated ICND2 or CCNA exam that mimics real exam
conditions.
The installation process requires two major steps. The DVD in the
back of this book has a recent
copy of the PCPT engine. The practice exam—the database of ICND2
and CCNA exam questions—is
not on the DVD. After you install the software, the PCPT software
downloads the latest versions of
both the software and the question databases for this book using
your Internet connection.
Note
The cardboard DVD case in the back of this book includes both the
DVD and a piece
of thick paper. The paper lists the activation code for the
practice exam associated
with this book. Do not lose the activation code.
Note
Also on this same piece of paper, on the opposite side from the
exam activation code,
you will find a one-time-use coupon code that gives you 70 percent
off the purchase of
the Cisco CCNA Routing
and Switching ICND2 200-101 Official Cert Guide,
Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test.
Install the Software from the DVD
The software installation process is pretty routine as compared
with other software installation
processes. If you have already installed the Pearson IT
Certification Practice Test software from
another Pearson product, you do not need to reinstall the
software. Instead, just launch the software on
your desktop and proceed to activate the practice exam from this
book by using the activation code
included in the DVD sleeve. The following steps outline the
installation process:
Step 1. Insert the DVD into your PC.
Step 2. The software that automatically runs is the Cisco Press software
to access and use all
DVD-based features, including the exam engine and the DVD-only
appendixes. From the
main menu, click the Install the Exam Engine option.
Step 3. Respond to windows prompts as with any typical software
installation process.
The installation process gives you the option to activate your
exam with the activation code supplied
on the paper in the DVD sleeve. This process requires that you
establish a Pearson website login.
You need this login to activate the exam, so please do register
when prompted. If you already have a
Pearson website login, you do not need to register again. Just use
your existing login.
Activate and Download the Practice Exam
When the exam engine is installed, you should then activate the
exam associated with this book (if you
did not do so during the installation process) as follows:
Step 1. Start the PCPT software from the Windows Start menu or from your
desktop shortcut icon.
Step 2. To activate and download the exam associated with this book, from
the My Products or
Tools tab, click the Activate button.
Step 3. At the next screen, enter the activation key from paper inside the
cardboard DVD holder in
the back of the book. When it is entered, click the Activate button.
Step 4. The activation process downloads the practice exam. Click Next, and then click Finish.
After the activation process is completed, the My Products tab
should list your new exam. If you do
not see the exam, make sure you have selected the My Products tab
on the menu. At this point, the
software and practice exam are ready to use. Simply select the
exam and click the Open Exam
button.
To update a particular product’s exams that you have already
activated and downloaded, simply
select the Tools
tab and click the Update Products button. Updating your exams ensures that you
have the latest changes and updates to the exam data.
If you want to check for updates to the PCPT software, simply select
the Tools tab and click the
Update Application button. This will ensure that you are running
the latest version of the software
engine.
Activating Other Products
The exam software installation process and the registration
process have to happen only once. Then
for each new product, you have to complete just a few steps. For
instance, if you buy another new
Cisco Press Official Cert Guide or Pearson IT Certification Cert
Guide, extract the activation code
from the DVD sleeve in the back of that book; you don’t even need
the DVD at this point. From there,
all you have to do is start PCPT (if not still up and running),
and perform steps 2 through 4 from the
previous list.
PCPT Exam Databases with This Book
This book includes an activation code that allows you to load a
set of practice questions. The
questions come in different exams or exam databases. When you
install the PCPT software and type
in the activation code, the PCPT software downloads the latest
version of all these exam databases.
And with the ICND2 book alone, you get six different “exams,” or
six different sets of questions, as
listed in Figure I-2.
Figure I-2. PCPT Exams/Exam Databases and
When to Use Them
You can choose to use any of these exam databases at any time,
both in study mode and practice exam
mode. However, many people find it best to save some of the exams
until exam review time, after you
have finished reading the entire book. Figure I-2 begins to suggest a plan, spelled out here:
• During Part Review, use PCPT to review the DIKTA questions for
that part, using study mode.
• During Part Review, use the questions built specifically for
Part Review (the Part Review
questions) for that part of the book, using study mode.
• Save the remaining exams to use with Chapter 22, “Final Review,” using practice exam mode,
as discussed in that chapter.
The two modes inside PCPT give you better options for study versus
practicing a timed exam event.
In study mode, you can see the answers immediately, so you can
study the topics more easily. Also,
you can choose a subset of the questions in an exam database; for
instance, you can view questions
from only the chapters in one part of the book.
Practice exam mode creates an event somewhat like the actual exam.
It gives you a preset number of
questions, from all chapters, with a timed event. Practice exam
mode also gives you a score for that
timed event.
How to View Only DIKTA Questions by Part
Each Part Review asks you to repeat the DIKTA quiz questions from
the chapters in that part. You
can simply scan the book pages to review these questions, but it
is slightly better to review these
questions from inside the PCPT software, just to get a little more
practice in how to read questions
from the testing software. But you can just read them in the book,
as well.
To view these DIKTA (book) questions inside the PCPT software, you
need to select Book
Questions, and the chapters in this part, using the PCPT menus. To do so,
follow these steps:
Step 1. Start the PCPT software.
Step 2. From the main (home) menu, select the item for this product, with
a name like Cisco
CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101 Official Cert Guide, and
click Open Exam.
Step 3. The top of the next window that appears should list some exams;
check the ICND2 Book
Questions box, and uncheck the other boxes. This selects
the “book” questions (that is, the
DIKTA questions from the beginning of each chapter).
Step 4. On this same window, click at the bottom of the screen to deselect
all objectives
(chapters). Then select the box beside each chapter in the part of
the book you are
reviewing.
Step 5. Select any other options on the right side of the window.
Step 6. Click Start to start reviewing the questions.
How to View Part Review Questions by Part
Only
The exam databases you get with this book include a database of
questions created solely for study
during the Part Review process. DIKTA questions focus more on
facts, with basic application. The
Part Review questions instead focus more on application and look
more like real exam questions.
To view these questions, follow the same process as you did with
DIKTA/book questions, but select
the Part Review database rather than the book database.
Specifically, follow these steps:
Step 1. Start the PCPT software.
Step 2. From the main (home) menu, select the item for this product, with
a name like Cisco
CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101 Official Cert Guide, and
click Open Exam.
Step 3. The top of the next window should list some exams; check the Part Review Questions
box, and uncheck the other boxes. This selects the questions
intended for part-ending
review.
Step 4. On this same window, click at the bottom of the screen to deselect
all objectives, and then
select (check) the box beside the book part you want to review.
This tells the PCPT
software to give you Part Review questions from the selected part.
Step 5. Select any other options on the right side of the window.
Step 6. Click Start to start reviewing the questions.
About Mind Maps
Mind maps are a type of visual organization tool that you can use
for many purposes. For instance,
you can use mind maps as an alternative way to take notes.
You can also use mind maps to improve how your brain organizes
concepts. Mind maps stress the
connections and relationships between ideas. When you spend time
thinking about an area of study,
and organize your ideas into a mind map, you strengthen existing
mental connections, create new
connections, all into your own frame of reference.
In short, mind maps help you internalize what you learn.
Mind Map Mechanics
Each mind map begins with a blank piece of paper or blank window
in an application. You then add a
large central idea, with branches that move out in any direction.
The branches contain smaller
concepts, ideas, commands, pictures, whatever idea needs to be
represented. Any concepts that can
be grouped should be put near each other. As need be, you can
create deeper and deeper branches,
although for this book’s purposes, most mind maps will not go
beyond a couple of levels.
Note
Many books have been written about mind maps, but Tony Buzan often
gets credit for
formalizing and popularizing mind maps. You can learn more about
mind maps at his
website, http://www.thinkbuzan.com.
For example, Figure
I-3 shows a sample mind map
that begins to output some of the IPv6 content from
Part VII of the ICND1 book. The
central concept of the mind map is IPv6 addressing, and the Part
Review activity asks you to think of all facts you learned about
IPv6 addressing, and organize them
with a mind map. The mind map allows for a more visual
representation of the concepts as compared
with just written notes.
Figure I-3. Sample Mind Map
About Mind Maps Used During Part Review
This book suggests mind mapping exercises during Part Review. This
short topic lists some details
about the Part Review mind mapping exercises, listed in one place
for reference.
Part Review uses two main types of mind mapping exercises:
Configuration exercises ask you to recall the related configuration
commands and group them.
For instance, in a configuration exercise, related commands that
happen to be interface
subcommands should be grouped, but as shown as being inside
interface configuration mode.
Verification exercises ask you to think about the output of show commands and link the output to
either the configuration commands that cause that output or the
concepts that explain the meaning
of some of that output.
Create these configuration mind maps on paper, using any mind
mapping software, or even any
drawing application. Many mind mapping apps exist as well.
Regardless of how you draw them,